Business Plan for Introducing Erythritol in Indonesia Assignment

Field-tested strategy for Introducing Erythritol in Indonesia - Assignment Example Not at all like other sugar substitutes, it is produced using normally happening substances and henceforth is to a great extent liberated from reactions. Indonesia is an archipelago of 13,367 islands with a complete land region of 1,907,950 square kilometers. The changes attempted by Indonesian government since the 1997 financial emergency have brought about exceptionally helpful condition for building up another business. The minimal effort of work in Indonesia makes setting an Erythritol creation industrial facility an entirely gainful endeavor. In addition, with expanding purchaser mindfulness in Indonesia, it will likewise be productive to market and sell this zero-calorie, no reaction sugar substitute in Indonesia. Despite the fact that Indonesia isn't a simple spot to begin another business Indonesian government supports remote interest in Indonesia. Thinking about the ease of work, it is less expensive to arrangement a plant in Indonesia as opposed to bringing in Erythritol from outside. As indicated by www.doingbusiness.org, it takes a normal of 97 days and a base capital of IDR 20,000,000 (USD 2500) to acquire the necessary licenses to dispatch another business in Jakarta. Another 40,000,000 (USD 5000) is expected to get the necessary licenses and enrollments for a distribution center. Thus the primary expenses would be of building the manufacturing plant and purchasing/renting supplies. Sadly, in Indonesia this expense could be restrictive. Another obstacle in setting up a processing plant in Indonesia is the long time it takes to get all the requir... Glucose can be gotten from various high starch crops. Since corn is promptly accessible harvest in Indonesia and has high glucose content, it is the principal decision for crude material for creation of Erythritol. The harvest is essentially developed on the island of Java. So it is ideal to find the production line on the island, close to the crude material. While choosing the area of the industrial facility, we need to think about the expense of land. In the urban zones and in significant urban communities, including Jakarta, there is constrained land region and henceforth the cost is amazingly high. Truth be told, numerous urban communities have illegal setting up of new production lines inside their city limits. Consequently it would be better and less expensive to find the production line in the provincial region where there is ample of land and satisfactory labor. Raising Capital Because of the gigantic advantages of Erythritol as a sugar substitute and the modest expense of work in Indonesia, setting up a production line in Indonesia speaks to a generally safe business. Capital is required for purchasing land, building industrial facility, purchasing corn from ranchers, purchasing hardware, work and promoting. There are a few choices for raising capital. Be that as it may, the best and the least expensive choice is a bank advance. With a generally safe procedure and a strong field-tested strategy, getting a bank to fund the new business ought to be simple. The land and manufacturing plant can be utilized as security in the bank advance. Organization Operations The organization will recruit nearby populace for every single significant position, including the Chief Executive Officer. The nearby individuals comprehend the neighborhood customs better and consequently will be in a superior situation to deal with the everyday tasks. The low work cost in Indonesia likewise makes this recommendation an appealing one. The crude material, corn for this situation can be handily gotten from

Racism in Criminal justice system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Bigotry in Criminal equity framework - Essay Example It is something that happens more than we notice. Numerous researchers accept that prejudice assume an increasingly significant job in focusing on and condemning procedure in the criminal equity framework and this is something which ought not occur in any nation regardless. Bigotry assumes a fundamental job before the criminal arrives at the day of condemning in the court. There are different distributions that talk on profiling and actuarial techniques which reluctantly get individuals into the framework. Despite the fact that these are two significant parts of the biased demonstrations that exist inside the criminal equity framework, it doesn't really start with these organized strategies. It is the laws and wrongdoing control arrangements that make segregation in the framework. It has been seen that in certain cases these laws and approaches are set for the white individuals and contrary to the dark ones. The inclusion of government is additionally fundamental in such circumstance s. It is their obligation to complete bigotry with the criminal equity framework so every single resident could carry on with a tranquil life. Government ought to likewise ensure that each resident gets equivalent rights. In this paper, a nitty gritty conversation has been done on the racial inconsistencies in criminal equity framework alongside its antagonistic impacts to the network. ... This shows bigotry exists. As indicated by you what ought to have been done in that circumstance? One chance was to organize a gathering between the police boss and other senior individuals to talk about how the newcomers to the network were influencing law authorization. It is smarter to make an endeavor to disclose the laws to the newcomers so such episodes could be stayed away from later on. The American residents should invest in amounts of energy to impart and work out with the police to support the newcomers so they could be given legitimate instruction in regards to the principles and guidelines. This endeavor could absolutely create a positive change at the institutional level. It is very evident that we can never be sans altogether of racial bias. In this manner we ought to be able to distinguish and address prejudice since it results the unmerited benefits of a few and forces uncalled for restrictions on others. The monetary dependability of a gathering of individuals is fi rmly connected with prejudice and except if it is concentrated altogether, a network building exertion won't arrive at its maximum capacity. Racial bias and prejudice have been ordinarily polished in the U.S. by the individuals with European foundation against different gatherings, for example, African-Americans or Latinos (Silas, 10). Nonetheless, racial bias and bigotry additionally lead to pressures between individuals of non-European drop, for instance the strains between African Americans and Asian Americans. As the U.S. turns out to be progressively different and the individuals everywhere throughout the globe increasingly taught, we should put forth certain attempts to lessen antagonistic vibe which makes contrasts in our physical characteristics and different angles. Regardless of what culture you have a place, it is very evident that

25 Disturbing Global Smoking Facts

25 Disturbing Global Smoking Facts More in Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery If you are still on the fence when it comes to quitting cigarettes, think again. While you may think that its an issue you can deal with later, the current evidence suggests that time is not on your side.   While you should always approach smoking cessation as a positive step toward a longer and healthier life, it is equally important to understand the consequences of inaction. By doing so, you can make a more informed choice and take the steps needed to kick the habit once and for all. Dont take our word for it. Let the numbers speak for themselves. 25 Global Smoking Facts and Statistics There are 1.1 billion smokers in the world today, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). If the  trend continues, that number is expected to increase to 1.6 billion by the year 2025.Tobacco kills more than six million people each year, translating to one smoking-related death every five seconds. That is a million more deaths than occurs each year as a result of HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria combined.??According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there were 37.8 million smokers in the United States in 2016.Over 16 million Americans are currently living with a tobacco-related disease, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD).Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Tennessee, and West Virginia are eight states where at least 21.8 percent of adults are smokers. Of these, West Virginia leads the pack, wherein one of every four adults is a current smoker.More than 480,000 Americans die each year of smoking, accounting for one o f every five deaths.On average, smoking will cut 13 years from your life expectancy. If you have HIV, that number  will increase to 16 years.Lung cancer is not the only malignancy you can get from smoking. Others include cancer of the bladder, blood, bone marrow, cervix, colon, esophagus, kidneys, larynx, liver, mouth, pancreas, rectum, stomach, and throat.In addition to cancer, smoking can increase your risk of coronary heart disease and stroke by anywhere from 200 percent to 400 percent.Smoking is a problem that hits poorer people  hardest. In fact, 80 percent of the worlds smokers live in low- to medium-income countries. Even in the U.S., 24.3 percent of people living below the poverty line are smokers compared to 14.3 percent of those living above the poverty line.China is home to 300 million smokers who consume approximately 1.7 trillion cigarettes annually or roughly three million cigarettes per minute. One of every three cigarettes smoked globally is in China.Worldwide, aroun d  10 million cigarettes are purchased per minute, 15 billion are sold per day, and upwards of five trillion are produced and used every year.A typical cigarette can contain anywhere from eight to nine milligrams of nicotine. By contrast, the nicotine content is a cigar can run anywhere from 100 milligrams to 400 milligrams.??According to a study published in the  Archives of Toxicology, there is enough  nicotine in five cigarettes  to kill an average adult if ingested whole. With that being said, most smokers take in an average of one to  two milligrams per cigarette of which 0.03 milligrams is absorbed into the bloodstream.There are more than 4,000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, of which more than 250 are known to be harmful, more than 50 are known to cause cancer, and 11 are classified as  Group I carcinogens.Benzene is a major cause of acute myeloid leukemia. Not surprisingly, cigarette smoke is the major source of benzene. Among smokers in the United States, 90 percent of their be nzene exposure will come from cigarettes.Radioactive lead, polonium, and  hydrogen cyanide  can all be found in  cigarette smoke. History buffs will recognize hydrogen cyanide as a compound used back in World War II as a genocidal agent.Of the six million smoking-related death reported around the world each year, 890,000 (or roughly 15 percent) are the result of secondhand smoke. Despite what some may tell you, there is no safe level of exposure to secondhand smokeTobacco costs the U.S. economy more than $300 billion dollars each year. Of this, $170 billion goes toward medical care, while more than $156 billion is  attributed to lost productivity due to illness and death.While fewer young adults are smoking cigarettes in the U.S. today, over 3,200 teens and adolescents try their first cigarette every day. Its estimated that 2,100 of these will go on to become daily smokers.Statistics suggest that 5.6 million children living today in the U.S. will die of a smoking-related disease. Th at is equal to one of every 13 children.Approximately a quarter of the youth living in the Western Pacific Region (comprised of East Asia, the Pacific, and Oceana) will die from tobacco use.Only 20 percent of the worlds population is protected by smoking laws, mostly in high-income countries.Globally, tobacco use has claimed more than 100 million lives in the 20th century.  It  is expected to claim another billion during the 21st century unless serious anti-smoking efforts are made on a global scale.The WHO has concluded  that half of all smokers will die as a result of tobacco use. If youre a smoker who is wishing to quit, make your mind up to dig your heels in and do the work need to stop  smoking today. You will not regret it.

25 Disturbing Global Smoking Facts

25 Disturbing Global Smoking Facts More in Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery If you are still on the fence when it comes to quitting cigarettes, think again. While you may think that its an issue you can deal with later, the current evidence suggests that time is not on your side.   While you should always approach smoking cessation as a positive step toward a longer and healthier life, it is equally important to understand the consequences of inaction. By doing so, you can make a more informed choice and take the steps needed to kick the habit once and for all. Dont take our word for it. Let the numbers speak for themselves. 25 Global Smoking Facts and Statistics There are 1.1 billion smokers in the world today, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). If the  trend continues, that number is expected to increase to 1.6 billion by the year 2025.Tobacco kills more than six million people each year, translating to one smoking-related death every five seconds. That is a million more deaths than occurs each year as a result of HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria combined.??According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there were 37.8 million smokers in the United States in 2016.Over 16 million Americans are currently living with a tobacco-related disease, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD).Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Tennessee, and West Virginia are eight states where at least 21.8 percent of adults are smokers. Of these, West Virginia leads the pack, wherein one of every four adults is a current smoker.More than 480,000 Americans die each year of smoking, accounting for one o f every five deaths.On average, smoking will cut 13 years from your life expectancy. If you have HIV, that number  will increase to 16 years.Lung cancer is not the only malignancy you can get from smoking. Others include cancer of the bladder, blood, bone marrow, cervix, colon, esophagus, kidneys, larynx, liver, mouth, pancreas, rectum, stomach, and throat.In addition to cancer, smoking can increase your risk of coronary heart disease and stroke by anywhere from 200 percent to 400 percent.Smoking is a problem that hits poorer people  hardest. In fact, 80 percent of the worlds smokers live in low- to medium-income countries. Even in the U.S., 24.3 percent of people living below the poverty line are smokers compared to 14.3 percent of those living above the poverty line.China is home to 300 million smokers who consume approximately 1.7 trillion cigarettes annually or roughly three million cigarettes per minute. One of every three cigarettes smoked globally is in China.Worldwide, aroun d  10 million cigarettes are purchased per minute, 15 billion are sold per day, and upwards of five trillion are produced and used every year.A typical cigarette can contain anywhere from eight to nine milligrams of nicotine. By contrast, the nicotine content is a cigar can run anywhere from 100 milligrams to 400 milligrams.??According to a study published in the  Archives of Toxicology, there is enough  nicotine in five cigarettes  to kill an average adult if ingested whole. With that being said, most smokers take in an average of one to  two milligrams per cigarette of which 0.03 milligrams is absorbed into the bloodstream.There are more than 4,000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, of which more than 250 are known to be harmful, more than 50 are known to cause cancer, and 11 are classified as  Group I carcinogens.Benzene is a major cause of acute myeloid leukemia. Not surprisingly, cigarette smoke is the major source of benzene. Among smokers in the United States, 90 percent of their be nzene exposure will come from cigarettes.Radioactive lead, polonium, and  hydrogen cyanide  can all be found in  cigarette smoke. History buffs will recognize hydrogen cyanide as a compound used back in World War II as a genocidal agent.Of the six million smoking-related death reported around the world each year, 890,000 (or roughly 15 percent) are the result of secondhand smoke. Despite what some may tell you, there is no safe level of exposure to secondhand smokeTobacco costs the U.S. economy more than $300 billion dollars each year. Of this, $170 billion goes toward medical care, while more than $156 billion is  attributed to lost productivity due to illness and death.While fewer young adults are smoking cigarettes in the U.S. today, over 3,200 teens and adolescents try their first cigarette every day. Its estimated that 2,100 of these will go on to become daily smokers.Statistics suggest that 5.6 million children living today in the U.S. will die of a smoking-related disease. Th at is equal to one of every 13 children.Approximately a quarter of the youth living in the Western Pacific Region (comprised of East Asia, the Pacific, and Oceana) will die from tobacco use.Only 20 percent of the worlds population is protected by smoking laws, mostly in high-income countries.Globally, tobacco use has claimed more than 100 million lives in the 20th century.  It  is expected to claim another billion during the 21st century unless serious anti-smoking efforts are made on a global scale.The WHO has concluded  that half of all smokers will die as a result of tobacco use. If youre a smoker who is wishing to quit, make your mind up to dig your heels in and do the work need to stop  smoking today. You will not regret it.

Verbal Victimization And Mental Health - 1652 Words

Many secondary school students has severely impacted by bullying, making them feel self-conscious, less confident, and more anxious. A study by Collier, Bos, and Sandfort (2013) discusses this common incidence and the connection between homophobic verbal victimization and mental health in teenagers. The article highlights a specific kind of bullying, homophobic name-calling and its connection to the teenager mental health in the Netherlands. They also observe the different parts of gender, gender expression, and sexual preferences in homophobic peer victimization. The verbally victimizing behaviors that are being used by children and teenagers such as name calling tend to emphasize status differences. Teenagers who use of homophobic†¦show more content†¦After, the authors explain how peer victimization has various mental health outcomes in LGB youth. They found that when controlling for previously reported levels of each psychosocial outcome variable that homophobia victimiz ation anticipated concern, misery and a lower sense of school belonging to the boys and extraction in girls. After this finding, it indicates that homophobic victimization had a great mental health impact on sexual minority youth more than heterosexual peers. In addition, the authors discuss that in the Netherlands, 13-15-year-olds found that who have same-sex most likely to get destructive treatment by other students than those without same-sex. In the Netherlands in which the social expectations for women and men are very similar than different. Therefore, where homosexuality is less denounced and gender roles are less harshly observed. An article is trying to prove different consequences of homophobic name-calling and the effects of mental health on teenagers where the authors also discuss about different risk factors such as negative treatment by peers, same-sex attractions, gender non-conformity, and psychological distress. Study Purpose and Hypotheses This study explained the predominance of homophobic name-calling among Dutch

Information System Briefing - 734 Words

Information System Briefing Understanding how goals of an organization and the roles of its stakeholders affect the selection process of an information system is vital to the success of that project. To ensure the execution of this task as well as its organization, efficiency, and accuracy, key leaders join creating a team of professionals ready for implementing change (Wager, Wickham Lee, Glaser, 2009) . Learning how to select and acquire an information system, goals that should drive it and the roles of stakeholders is imperative to keep the project from failing. Selecting and Acquiring an Information System The process for selecting and acquiring an information system begins when the benefits of the current system no longer†¦show more content†¦The charge guides the group in tasks that include screening the marketplace and vendor profiles that ensure the consideration of all options, including what determines system goals, and prioritizes, and defines system requirements.(cite) Additionally, the stakeholders combine all established system requirements into a package to for viewing by third party assemblies, which creates a request for proposal (RFP) or a request for information (RFI). Vendors view these to determine if their product meets the needs of the organization (Wager, Wickham Lee, Glaser, 2009) . Conclusion. Each aspect must hold its importance so stakeholders can effectively select and acquire a new system. It takes a strong leader to guide the best of each department in selecting an information system to share the organization. Goals should arise from analyzing previous system errors so that they strategically improve those errors. Clearly communicating, developing, implementing, and maintaining goals and outcomes during the strategic change of an information system are vital to say the least. Wager, K. A., Wickham Lee, F., Glaser, J. (2009). Healthcare Information Systems (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA:Show MoreRelatedInformation System Briefing997 Words   |  4 PagesInformation System Briefing Jennifer Randall HCS/483 April 17, 2012 Calethia Williams, MSHCM Information System Briefing In today’s modernized society, health care organizations rely heavily on information systems. Information technology has improved tremendously over the years, becoming a major advantage to the health care industry. With proper planning, development, and management, information technology can bring about countless efficiency in structural maneuvers. With the constantRead MoreBriefing on the Selection and Acquisition of a Healthcare Information System924 Words   |  4 PagesBriefing on the Selection and Acquisition of a Healthcare Information System Executive Summary In defining the selection and acquisition framework for the healthcare information system under consideration, the creation of an Information technologies (IT) strategic plan is first needed. By definition, an IT strategic plan defines in very specific terms how a proposed IT system will align with and contribute to the strategic plans, objectives and goals of a healthcare organization (Davis, AdamsRead MoreCIO Briefing for Information System Acquisition in a Healthcare Organization816 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Briefing for CIO Information System Acquisition Executive Summary The acquisition of an information technology (IT) system by a healthcare organization must incorporate several different concerns. Generally, there is a process by which the organization determines what functions and capabilities are essential for the new IT system to provide. Much of that concern is dictated by specific goals of the organization, its mission, and the operational elements of the organization. Most importantlyRead MoreLaudon - Business Information Systems16132 Words   |  65 PagesDistinguish between a computer, a computer program, and an information system. What is the difference between data and information? The computer is one physical part of the information system. The program is what operates the computer. An information system is the physical system including computers and networks, software (programs), people who operate the system, and the procedures for operating the system. Data is the basic raw element of facts, information is the processed data that is useful and meaningfulRead MoreAccounting Attachment Report5336 Words   |  22 Pagesindustry. In applying academic material, it is understood more and in familiarising with the work environment, a career option can be chosen. Part of the attachment was for students to create networks. networks are useful in securing jobs and getting information about the industry. 1.2 Methodology The industrial attachment was conducted over the period between May 10th and July 27th 2012. This period amounted to a total of 10 weeks over the school holidays. It was after the third year of study in the degreeRead MoreSystem Briefing999 Words   |  4 PagesSystem Briefing By: LaTreena Alexander HCS/483 April 22, 2013 Augustus Scarlato Once an employee begins employment with a company he or she must first go through completion of the internship program. During the program the employee has a very important briefing that he or she completed on time, and then presented to the CEO of the company. The guidelines required to complete the briefing assignment consist of the explaining in detail the selection process, and how it was affectedRead MorePurpose And Scope Of Communications Management Plan Essay905 Words   |  4 Pagesproject information. It also provides appropriate methods for information collection, screening, formatting and distribution of project information. Additionally, it provides an understanding among project teams regarding actions and processes necessary to facilitate the critical links among people, ideas, and information that are necessary for project success. Communications planning activities identify the appropriate level of communication for each project stakeholder, what information shouldRead MoreThe Role Of Supervisory Administrative Support Specialist For The Drug Enforcement Administration, New York Division ( Nyd )1584 Words   |  7 Pages †¢ DEA recently implemented a new system to account for all OGV’s and their expenditures. The Financial Reconciliation Module (FIRM) system was created to reduce paper usage and to electronically track all vehicle activities. The FIRM system is tied to the financial and property system and the banking institution. I was responsible for training the NYD Vehicle Unit Staff and provided recommendation to HQ’sRead MoreCriminal Justice 1011582 Words   |  7 PagesHowever, in the absence of probable cause, the courts may or may not sign a search warrant. (which is a minimal constitutional standard). (Neubauer, 2004) The precise meaning of probable cause and how it is met can be explained as: The total information of what law enforcement officers have heard, or had known or observed. Probable cause will not rest until the facts supporting the warrant are asserted by the officers as being valid and true to the best of his knowledge. -------------------------------------------------Read MoreMeeting Hall s Marketing Activity Implementation Plan Essay1205 Words   |  5 PagesBriefing agenda Briefing date: 10 January Briefing time: 10.00 am Briefing duration: 2 hrs Team building activity 1. Provide comfortable rest place for breaks. 2. Develop and schedule lunch and learns for employees. 3. With team building fun and fitness in mind, you can schedule fitness sessions in your workplace for employees. Email: To: bob@barkly.com.au; ben@barkly.com.au; Dan@barkly.com.au; becky@barkly.com.au; dave@barkly.com.au; Jane@barkly.com.au; Cc: Jane@barkly.com.au; Bcc: Jane@barkly

Examples of Essay Topics for College - Overview

Examples of Essay Topics for College - Overview The essay is easily among the most troublesome sections of the college application approach. If you discover that the writer did not provide precisely what you expected, request a revision, and we'll make the corrections. If when you are preparing a report you merely analyze specific literature, the essay demands an excellent penetration into the issue. You could also get in touch with your writer to supply some added recommendations or request information regarding the order's progress. Don't neglect to bring a strong hook at the beginning (introduction paragraph) and wind up with an impressive conclusion to earn the reader want to go over the interesting persuasive essay topics of your selection. Ensure you give clear explanations of the things on your list too. One of the most difficult features of college life is finances. At exactly the same time, you're impress the college admissions folks greatly if you're able to present your capacity to learn from your failures and mistakes. If you've already graduated from college or university and are trying to find an excellent job, you will need to get a persuasive resume to impress your future employer. It is crucial to mention that the idea doesn't need to be a good one. You're attempting to show colleges your very best self, therefore it might appear counterintuitive to willingly acknowledge a time you struggled. Explain your commitments, and you're going to be the type of student colleges find immensely attractive. F. Bacon The main intention of the capital isn't to get as much money as possible, yet to guarantee that money causes a better life. Here's What I Know About Examples of Essay Topics for College You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. The success of a research paper mostly is dependent upon the topic, which is why a number of time is spent searching for the best research paper topics for college students. Since you may see, there's a plethora of different argumentative paper titles you may utilize. As soon as you inform us about all of the paper information, we'll begin trying to find a pr oper writer for your paper. To choose which subject you're likely to discuss, it's vital to see the complete collection of good persuasive speech topics from the special area of study. So you don't actually need to get a topic! It isn't only about the topic a student chooses to write on, but instead, how they write about doing it. Therefore, the topic you select plays a crucial function. All you have to do is specify if you want your essay to be delivered. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to discover ready-made essays and use them as an example. Bridget's essay is extremely strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Individual schools sometimes need supplemental essays. As you are interested in getting the essay to communicate the very best information about you, you should do thorough preparation for the sample college admission essays to accomplish its purposes. In some instances, the college will give an essay topic for you. To compose a strong argumentative essay, students should start by familiarizing themselves with a number of the common, and frequently conflicting, positions on the research topic so they can write an educated paper. Many students come online to discover persuasive essay topics for higher english simply to pick precise topics and begin writing about them. No paper written for one more client is used for one more customer. In the event you have any pressing questions, you don't need to shy away. In choosing your topic, it's frequently a good concept to start with a subject which you already have some familiarity with. To guarantee that you will discover a complete answer to every question, we've got a support team that's always online. How to Get Started with Examples of Essay Topics for College? Various things to various folks, since the situation demanded. It's possible to also examine important reasons for misunderstanding between kids and parents. Fortunately, colleges will think something similar about you in the event you choose to incorporate your love of literature in your essay. Occasionally it only looks simple, but a great deal of students forget about the kind of academic writing they have to stick with. Application essays about challenges reveal how you respond to difficulty to individuals who are really interested in how you'll handle the subsequent four years by yourself. Use a brief anecdote, a brief you're writing. A conclusion is, without doubt, the main portion of the argumentative essay as possible either support the very good impression or destroy it entirely.

Strategic Plan for CenITex Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.co

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Plan for CenITex. Answer: Introduction CenITex is a shared services agency for Information and Communications Technology (ICT). This agency was set up by the Government of Victoria which is the democratic administrative authority of the Australian Victoria state. CenITex was established as a body of the Victorian state in the month of July of the year 2008. This step was taken in order to centralize the support of Information and Communications Technology to the departments and agencies of the government. Formerly known as the Office of Shared Services, it was renamed CenITex signifying IT to be the center of excellence. Today, CenITex provides these ICT solutions and services to six departments of the Victorian Government and the associated agencies and entities of the government. CenITex was created for the purpose of centralizing the ICT support to the agencies and departments of the Victorian Government on 16th July 2008. It is a state owned enterprise that provides services like application hosting, desktop services and the infrastructure required for the same (Jim Rouse, 1999). They are serving 32,000 people presently with their services for ICT in six departments of the Victorian Government as well as the associated portfolio agencies. They are also providing their services to the Public Transport Services of Victoria, the VicForests, Environment protection Authority of Victoria, The Victorian Taxi Service Commission and the Victorian Ombudsman (Raman, 2012). Honorable Robin Scott MLA who is the Minister of Finance of Victoria takes care of the operations of CenITex. At CenITex, the corporate reporting requirements of the Department of Treasury and Finance are handled and taken care of. They provide complete ICT services for professional setups, workplaces and the hosting services. Their workplace solutions include personal productivity applications, services for desktops, file and printing, diary and email and internet access. The hosting services provided by CenITex include storage and back-up services, disaster recovery and restoration services, application hosting and database and application management for the server. The professional services offered by them are usually the projects funded by the customers (Dix Lee, 2002). These include project management and building and designing the solutions. Along with these, CenITex also provides services for identity and access management, services for security, directory, and on-boarding an d off-boarding services for the directories. The organizational structure of CenITex is very simple with a panel of the Board of Directors and a CEO who reports to the CenITex board. The present CEO of CenITex is Michael Vanderheide. Existing strategies As mentioned on the organizations website, the goal of CenITex aims at providing the services for the Information and Communications Technology to promote an agile, modern and productive public service. CenITex has adopted a few strategies to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. Their primary strategy is to be a low cost provider with an emphasis on cost-based advantage over competitors. For this they have been providing services at the lowest possible costs without compromising on the quality of service being provided.In addition to this, the organization has also adopted A focused low cost strategy. This is done by concentrating on a narrow consumer segment and offering lower price. The price of their service has been already set to a very competitive scale and they have narrowed their focus to the public sector organizations to create a niche market. Thus the two main strategies adopted by the organization are cost leadership and focused low cost strategy. They are making us e of their competitive capability to stay ahead in the game and also taking an advantage of their core competence and distinctive competence to emerge as a market leader. They provide an assortment of ICT services to the various departments of the Victorian Government. Their aim is to provide their customers with reliable, easy to use, contemporary technology and to enable them to deliver the services expected and needed by the Victorian Community. The two primary strategies used by CenITex are cost leadership by providing best possible services at a low cost and a focused differentiation strategy where they target a specific segment of the customers and provide a variety of specialized services to that particular customer segment. Thus, they aspire to provide their customers with quality services delivered on time that meets all their needs. They wish to keep their customers up to date with the latest technology and resolving any issue that may arise while doing that. They focus on responding to the needs of their customers in an efficient and time bound manner. They have a team of IT experts that aims at providing a resolution to all the IT woes of their customers to their satisfaction by taking ownership of the problem and getting it resolved. They also provide a platform that is absolutely secure and dependable so that the government agencies can do their work in a better way and deliver great services to their people. Their technology is reliable and secure and can be used for working on and storing the confidential and sensitive information available with the government departments and agencies. They also assure their customers of providing services that are cost effective and matching their needs to the t. They proclaim themselves to be a part of the Victorian Government and they focus on delivering the best value for the cost that the government bears for their services. They aim to serve the public sector of Victoria through their cost effective and s ecure technology solutions. The organizational structure of CenITex is headed by the Chief Executive Offices Michael Vanderheide. He reports to the Board of Directors of CenITex. The organization is split into four branches namely Strategy and Governance, Customer Engagement, Service Operations and Human Resources. These branches are headed by Paul Cooper, who is also the Acting Director of the Board, Nigel Cadywould, Scott Ayer and Catherine Proud respectively. Nigel, Scott and Catherine are also the Directors of the Board. Another person holding a position of responsibility in CenITex is Catherine Ho who is the Chief Financial Officer of CenITex. CenITex follows the accountability framework of the Victorian Government. This framework provides guidance during the decision making process of CenITex. Their primary goal is to provide services that are reliable, secure and at the best possible price. Their relationship with their customers is based on the organizations commercially oriented arrangements. These inc lude their service level agreements and the memorandum of understanding. Their services are commercially oriented and the accountability framework provides further clarity for decision making in the organization. The CenITex Board takes care of the governance and is the formal governing body for the organization. The Executive leadership team is assigned the operational responsibility and thus it takes care of the day to day functioning of the organization. Apart from this, there are two additional committees that are independent standing committees that report directly to the CenITex board. These are the Audit and Risk Committee and the Remuneration Committee. While the Audit and Risk Committee ensures integrity in work practices, quality of work and financial reporting, disclosures, internal control framework, annual audit of financial statements, legal compliance and the regulatory risks, the Remuneration Committee is a standing committee that presides the annual remuneration rev iew, employment policies, compliance and appointment of the Chief Executive (eStrategyPartners, 2010) Strategy evaluation The year 2012 was a year of turbulence for the organization CenITex as the Victorian Ombudsman study found out the conduct of the organization improper and there were numerous breaches of the policies and guidelines for procurement laid down by the CenITex board. The organization has however come a long way from that and redeemed the lost trust and image as the ICT service provider for the Victorian Government. This is even evident from the financial performance of CenITex that had observed a big drop in 2012 (State Government of Victoria, 2017). The organization had accounted for a loss of $25 million in 2010 and a loss of $37 million in 2011. They then went through an overhaul of not just the board and the members, but also the organizational policies. The cost leadership and focused differentiation strategy for CenITex seems to be working in favor of the organization. The organization in the year 2016 turned a surplus of $8 million and it is expected to increase further during thi s year. The board has decided to reinvest the surplus from the funds in the expansion of the existing operations. In addition to the surplus, the organization has further allocated an amount of $2 million to fund or co-fund the projects undertaken by other departments. This is named the innovation fund (Cowan, 2015). The major transformations that happened in the organization include application shifting for a department in the organization to Azure and introduction of Mobile Access Gateway. The focus has also shifted to cloud technologies which are predicted to be the future of storage technologies. This significantly reduced the operational cost of providing the same services and helped the organization in making profits even when the cost of the service remains the same or drops down. They have restructured the strategies, but the primary strategy of providing services at the lowest possible cost persists. They aim at providing the best possible services to their customers at the lowest possible cost. The overall operational environment of the organization has become much more reliable and the organization is slowly and steadily gaining back the trust lost. The organization that was once in the headlines and front pages for the infamous outages and discrepancies is has now reduced the outage o f serious levels by about 40%. It is difficult to imagine that this organization was a few years back about to get replaced by the former state government. The number of clients of the organization has also increased from 6 in 2014 to 20 presently in the public sector of the Victorian Government however their focused differentiation strategy remains and the public sector is still their preferred customer segment. They have increased their on-site support and made the access to the IT service center even simpler with the help of a voice response menu. They remodeled and, modernized and standardized their infrastructure on the Government Shared Platform, which resulted in cost effective and more productive functioning. In January 2016, CenITex appointed four new members to its board of directors who are very high ranking public servants. The strategy restructuring has also impacted the employee turnover for the organization which is at an all time low of mere 6 percent (Coyne, 2015). The organization is accounted for being a troublemaker since its inception in the year 2008. It has seen failure in operations, blow outs of the defined budget, poor strategic plan and weak implementation of the policies, but the good thing is that the organization has placed it all in the past now. It has been finally able to deliver what it was formed for and has been able to put the failures and letdowns in the past. The troubles for the organization had stemmed from poor planning and strategic thinking. This resulted in missed opportunities and tarnished image. However, the organization that was once on the brink of outsourcing is now standing tall with the improved performance and superior work environment. This has only been accomplished due to the changes made in the strategic plan at the time when it was needed the most (CenITex, 2015). PESTEL Analysis On conduction of a PESTEL analysis for CenITex, we have come across the following information that might help the organization in designing new strategies and implementing them to make the organizational functions even better. The PESTEL analysis of any organization helps us in studying their external environment and the contributing factors in the working of the organization that are beyond their control. For CenITex, the external environment comprises of the political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, ecological and legal environment. The political environment for CenITex is currently in favor of the organization. The people in power have extended full support and even given the organization additional responsibilities which indicated increased trust of the government on the organization. The political situation of the nation is currently very stable and that is an added benefit for CenITex. The economic position of Australia is very stable and the country also has a very s table financial system. The organization can contribute its bit in the low employment rates of the country and the economic growth of the nation is only going to help them in the long run. The socio-cultural factors include the social customs, beliefs and traditions belonging to the area being studied. The cultural environment of Australia is very diverse and the education level of the nation is continuously on a rise. This is going to benefit CenITex as it indicates an added flow of talent for the organization (Chirgwin, 2013). The technological environment of CenITex is a crucial contributor in the organizations growth. Being an organization functioning in the IT industry, they must keep up with the rapidly evolving technologies and adapt them to stay ahead in the game. Ecological environment of an organization comprises of all the living and nonliving things that impact the working of the organization. The ecological environment of CenITex is made up of the organizations it works with, the technologies, its employees and the public that receives the services of their customers. CenITex has been providing quality services and has redeemed its status in the Australian market. The organization must now work towards maintaining this and improving their operations even more. The legal environment for CenITex is favorable till now. Although the organization has gone through a troubled past, the present is over that and the future looks promising for CenITex. The legal issues arising must be handled quickly and discretely in order to prevent them from tarnishing the image of the organization. Recommendations The cost leadership and focused differentiation strategies of CenITex have made them emerge as a leader in the market. The organization has been able to make the most out of their core competencies and this has resulted in economies of scale for CenITex. Mistakes are made by all but the ability or inability to learn and improve from their mistakes makes them successful or a failure, whatever they wish to be. The Victorian Government at the lowest point of operations of CenITex made them objectively assess the real reason and factors responsible for the poor performance of the organization. Although the organization has risen from the ashes and made a mark, it is important that the mistakes once made are not repeated. The organization needs to regularly monitor and audit the performance and strategic plan to ensure compliance (Fyfe, 2012). This will also make sure that the organization is headed in the right direction. The organization definitely has the drive and passion to make thin gs happen and push the boundaries further, this has been proved by their current performance. There is a big responsibility on the shoulders of the organization and its management now to not just maintain the performance to its current level, but also take it a notch further. The organization must not waver from its drive to provide cost attractive services without compromising on the quality of the work. The government shared services organization has transformed itself and emerged as a success after struggling with accusations and allegations since it began the operations in 2008. The biggest and most commendable step taken by the organization was to accept the mistakes. The management accepted what was wrong with the organization and made efforts to improve them. This has made them come really far and emerge as a delayed but undisputed success (LeMay, 2012). Since the operations of the organization depend on technology and technology is one sector that is very dynamic and evolves continuously, the organization needs to be on their toes all the time. They need to constantly adapt and evolve with the changing technologies and also change their operations accordingly. Cloud technology is the future of storage, thus more efforts must be done to shift to the cloud based servers and technologies that enable them(LeMay, 2013). The surplus funds must be further invested for the betterment of the organization and its operations and the risk factors like outages and breakdowns must be minimized by making the technologies more robust and reliable. The organizational environment must be maintained to be positive at all times and the employees must be respected and treated fairly. This will instill their trust in the organization and consequently make the organization stronger and better (Pearce, 2016). The corporate strategy of CenITex is well defined and they are perfectly aligned right now to be the top provider of ICT services. The high industry attractiveness is going to work in favor of the organization and they are going to benefit from the extremely competitive market if they continue to follow their cost leadership and focused low cost strategy and provide the services at the best cost in the market. The strategy and structure of the organization are explained in the report. The organization must work towards building a better mechanism for strategy implementation and strategy execution The competitive capabilities of the organization are in full bloom presently and are expected to improve even more in the coming times. The only target now is to make the most out of and continue their best practices and not sit on the accomplishments, but aim for continuous improvement. Some recommendations for briging about this change are implementing management by walking around, encouraging employee, customer and public feedback and making the feedback meachnism more robust. They already are making use of the first mover advantage as they are the sole provider of these services in the Australian public sector. They can improve even more if they start customization of their services and service attributes attributes that meet customers needs and are provided at an affordable cost. This strateg y will make CenITex attract even more customers from not just the public sector of Australia, but also the private entities and independent users. Summary and conclusion In this report, we have studied and conducted a detailed analysis on the strategic plan of CenITex. It is a shared services agency for Information and Communications Technology (ICT). This agency was set up by the Government of Victoria which is the democratic administrative authority of the Australian Victoria state. Formerly known as the Office of Shared Services, it was renamed CenITex signifying IT to be the center of excellence. Today, CenITex is providing these ICT solutions and services to six departments of the Victorian Government and the associated agencies and entities of the government(Harrowell, 2017). CenITex was created for the purpose of centralizing the ICT support to the agencies and departments of the Victorian Government on 16th July 2008. It is an enterprise owned by the state that provides services like application hosting, desktop services and the infrastructure required for the same. They provide complete ICT services for professional setups, workplaces and th e hosting services. The CenITex as an organization was formed to deliver an assortment of ICT services to the various departments of the Victorian Government (Chirgwin, 2013). Their aim is to provide their customers with reliable, easy to use, contemporary technology and to enable them to deliver the services expected and needed by the Victorian Community. They focus on responding to the needs of their customers in an efficient and time bound manner. They have a team of IT experts that aims at providing a resolution to all the IT woes of their customers to their satisfaction by taking ownership of the problem and getting it resolved. They also provide a platform that is absolutely secure and dependable so that the government agencies can do their work in a better way and deliver great services to their people. They proclaim themselves to be a part of the Victorian Government and they focus on delivering the best value for the cost that the government bears for their services (Bajkow ski, 2016). CenITex was about to go out of business and its operations were about to get outsourced in the year 2012 after it was rated poorly and a number of lags were discovered in their operations. They then went through an overhaul of not just the board and the members, but also the organizational policies. This resulted in the redemption of the organization that accounted for a loss of $25 million and $37 million respectively to accounting for a surplus of $8 million in the year 2016. The organization has come a long way and must continue with its improves strategic planning and service delivery in order to make a mark. References Bajkowski, J., 2016. Renewed CenITex out to sell itself after privatisation averted, Available at: https://www.governmentnews.com.au/2016/03/23370/ CenITex, 2015. Director Strategy and Governance: Position Description, Available at: https://www.cpsuvic.org/public_docs/CeneITex/Director%20Strategy%20and%20Governance.pdf Chirgwin, R., 2013. Beginning of the end for Cenitex, Available at: https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/09/11/beginning_of_the_end_for_cenitex/ Cowan, P., 2015. Inside CenITex's years of tumult, Available at: https://www.itnews.com.au/feature/inside-cenitexs-years-of-tumult-406817 Coyne, A., 2015. Victoria cancels plans to outsource CenITex, Available at: https://www.itnews.com.au/news/victoria-cancels-plans-to-outsource-cenitex-405932 Dix, J. Lee, H., 2002. The process of strategic planning, Available at: https://fisher.osu.edu/supplements/10/1470/All_Articles.pdf eStrategyPartners, 2010. Sample strategic business plan, Available at: https://www.spmvv.ac.in/ecell/docs/business-models/1.pdf Fyfe, M., 2012. CenITex: the background story, Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/it-pro/government-it/cenitex-the-background-story-20121024-285ni.html Harrowell, A., 2017. Opinion: Whats wrong with CenITex?, Available at: https://www.computerworld.com.au/article/599463/opinion-what-wrong-cenitex/ Jim Rouse, P., 1999. Effective Strategic Planning: The Enterprise Foundation, Available at: https://my2.ewb.ca/site_media/static/library/files/403/the-enterprise-foundation-effective-strategic-planning.pdf LeMay, 2013. CenITex has no disaster recovery capacity, Available at: https://delimiter.com.au/2013/12/02/cenitex-disaster-recovery-capacity/ LeMay, R., 2012. Nepotism: Audit blasts CenITex culture, Available at: https://delimiter.com.au/2012/10/24/nepotism-audit-blasts-cenitex-culture/ Pearce, R., 2016. Transformed CenITex delivering wins for its customers, CEO says, Available at: https://www.computerworld.com.au/article/599539/transformed-cenitex-delivering-wins-its-customers-ceo-says/ Raman, S., 2012. How to write a strategic plan, Available at: https://www.hks.harvard.edu/ocpa/cms/files/communications-program/communications-workshops/workshop-handouts/RAMAN_strategic-planning.pdf State Government of Victoria, 2017. CenITex: official website. [Online] Available at: https://www.cenitex.vic.gov.au/

An Action Plan for Settling Homeless People in Seattle

An Action Plan for Settling Homeless People in Seattle It is evident that Seattle is one of the places with the highest number of homeless people. The government has used a large amount of money in trying to deal with this problem, but no significant changes are yet to be seen.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on An Action Plan for Settling Homeless People in Seattle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the problem of homelessness in Seattle can effectively be addressed through two major steps. This proposal addresses the steps that can be taken to solve the problem of homelessness in Seattle. What the mayor of Seattle needs to do is increase the supported housing programs that are already going on in the city. This can be done through a number of ways. Firstly, the housing programs can be improved by adding supportive services, which should be done on a long-term basis. Secondly, the office of the mayor should avail comprehensive services that cater for special gr oups such as the poor families with physically challenged members and young children. Thirdly, the community partners who are interested in taking part in reducing homelessness in Seattle should be encouraged to team up. Fourthly, the cost of renting houses in Seattle should be reduced through vouchers and other ways that can allow the poor families to secure rental space (Cnare, 2005).Advertising Looking for case study on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An alternative to the program of increasing supportive housing is to enhance the supply of cheap and affordable shelter in Seattle. The problem of homelessness in Seattle is worsened by the lack of affordable housing units for the poor citizens in the city. The supply of affordable housing can be increased through a number ways. Firstly, this can be achieved through the creation of opportunities for building affordable housing units. Secondly, the currently available affordable housing units should be expanded to accommodate more homeless households. Thirdly, the office of the mayor should work toward ensuring that affordable houses are built and sold to homeless individuals who have access to some money. Fourthly, the existing housing market prices should be subsidized to enable these people to acquire houses (Calavita, 2011). The second way that the problem of homelessness in Seattle can be solved is through the removal of barriers that hinder people from acquiring residential houses.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on An Action Plan for Settling Homeless People in Seattle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Firstly, the barriers can be reduced by enacting regulations that will prevent unnecessary evictions resulting from defaults in rental fees or mortgage repayments. Secondly, the people should be educated and counseled on financial matters to avoid ca ses of defaults in mortgage payments. Thirdly, the people of Seattle should be supported and assisted socially for them to lead a stable life. This may help them to view life positively and start working harder to make their lives better (Cnare, 2005). An alternative to the program involving the removal of the barriers that hinder the poor from accessing affordable housing is the creation of more job opportunities in Seattle. Unemployment is one of the major causes of homelessness in Seattle. Many people in the city are homeless because they do not have sufficient money to buy or rent a house. In this regard, the office of the mayor needs to create as many job opportunities as possible. These opportunities can be created by reducing the current recommended wage-rate to enable companies and organizations to employ more people to do the same amount of work that they normally do (Calavita, 2011). In conclusion, this action plan proposes a number of strategies that can be used to addres s the problem of homelessness in Seattle. The strategies proposed include job creation, the removal of barriers that hinder people from buying or renting houses and increasing the supply of affordable houses in the city.Advertising Looking for case study on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Calavita, N. (2011). A review of how to house the homeless. Journal of the American Planning Association, 77(3), 298-299. Cnare, N. (2005). United ways three strategies for reducing homelessness in our community. Web.

Moment Generating Function for Binomial Distribution

Moment Generating Function for Binomial Distribution The mean and the variance of a random variable X with a binomial probability distribution can be difficult to calculate directly. Although it can be clear what needs to be done in using the definition of the expected value of X and X2, the actual execution of these steps is a tricky juggling of algebra and summations. An alternate way to determine the mean and variance of a binomial distribution is to use the moment generating function for X. Binomial Random Variable Start with the random variable X and describe the probability distribution more specifically. Perform n independent Bernoulli trials, each of which has probability of success p and probability of failure 1 - p. Thus the probability mass function is f (x) C(n , x)px(1 – p)n - x Here the term C(n , x) denotes the number of combinations of n elements taken x at a time, and x can take the values 0, 1, 2, 3, . . ., n. Moment Generating Function Use this probability mass function to obtain the moment generating function of X: M(t) ÃŽ £x 0n etxC(n,x))px(1 – p)n - x. It becomes clear that you can combine the terms with exponent of x: M(t) ÃŽ £x 0n (pet)xC(n,x))(1 – p)n - x. Furthermore, by use of the binomial formula, the above expression is simply: M(t) [(1 – p) pet]n. Calculation of the Mean In order to find the mean and variance, youll need to know both M’(0) and M’’(0). Begin by calculating your derivatives, and then evaluate each of them at t 0. You will see that the first derivative of the moment generating function is: M’(t) n(pet)[(1 – p) pet]n - 1. From this, you can calculate the mean of the probability distribution. M(0) n(pe0)[(1 – p) pe0]n - 1 np. This matches the expression that we obtained directly from the definition of the mean. Calculation of the Variance The calculation of the variance is performed in a similar manner. First, differentiate the moment generating function again, and then we evaluate this derivative at t 0. Here youll see that M’’(t) n(n - 1)(pet)2[(1 – p) pet]n - 2 n(pet)[(1 – p) pet]n - 1. To calculate the variance of this random variable you need to find M’’(t). Here you have M’’(0) n(n - 1)p2 np. The variance ÏÆ'2 of your distribution is ÏÆ'2 M’’(0) – [M’(0)]2 n(n - 1)p2 np - (np)2 np(1 - p). Although this method is somewhat involved, it is not as complicated as calculating the mean and variance directly from the probability mass function.

Native and European Women in the early colonial era Essay

Native and European Women in the early colonial era - Essay Example Women worked in groups especially in the farms, farms tending to the crops such as corn. Group work seemed to make work lighter for the women and many groups came from extended families. Women work was appreciated greatly as they did most of the household chores and mad sure that the family as well fed. Men were not offering much assistance and leisured around hunting animals, fishing, and building homes Women used to tend farmlands although it was a hard task during the pre-colonial times especially farming tobacco. Some of the families with enough resources could hire slaves to help in the farms. The slave women performed most of the household chores and in the farms. Women in England had a lot of authority over their women and at some time there were laws by the law-makers defined the roles for women. They came up with two distinct roles of women, the good wife free and white performed domestic chores around the house (Ulrich, 1991). The other one was the agricultural laborer mostly the blacks and slaves. White women later acquired a clear place to inherit land and another policy allowed widows and daughters to occupy the land. The native women most of them slaves serving as cooks, hairdressers, housekeepers, washerwomen, and tailors. The slaves worked in the farms as labourers and never got time for themselves. These women were to serve their masters and carry out all the housew ork without pay. Men were more than women, which created some imbalance; women became more valuable and appreciated in marriage. Women got more rights such as the right to keep any property that she brought in marriage as asserted by Ulrich (1991). A woman was supposed to be a loving wife, a mother, and a true housekeeper. Later women started owning lands and venturing in other areas such as businesses, managers of inns, and taverns. Men appreciated their women and allowed their

Staying Put by Scott Russell Sanders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Staying Put by Scott Russell Sanders - Essay Example According to the research findings it can therefore be said that in terms of the perspective of theologians and religious experts, the concept of God is the center of the universe and talks about enlightenment like a zen master once said indirectly that the personal level of consciousness is the best place for enlightenment or to be the center of own universe of understanding. Awareness is the first important point to make directions toward a good future as people throughout centuries had dealt with difficult circumstances to study and create varying fields of studies to make solid patterns and knowledge on how to direct towards a better future for the entire humanity. Divergence in the specializations in knowledge reflect varying paths and mongrel realities like in the United States wherein culture, religions, beliefs, races and ideas mix in varying proportions. In relation to the dilemma of the future path of the world, it cannot be denied that there are three things that are const ant: everything changes, everything has basis and everything is interconnected. Everything changes can mean that life is dynamic while having basis means everything happens for a reason. On the other hand, everything is interconnected shows the concept of unity which most religions teach to their faithful. The downside on the current trend of the world is that people are heading toward different directions and many are caught in the complexities that cause confusion as seen in ecology.

Plasmodium: The Malaria Parasite

Plasmodium: The Malaria Parasite An endoparasitic protozoan that causes malaria, Plasmodium, requires two hosts to complete its life cycle in; usually a mosquito and a vertebrate. Female Anopheles mosquito is responsible in the transmission of malaria in human beings. Human malaria is caused by four identified species of Plasmodia, namely Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale. Recently, in addition to these four species, the simian parasite Plasmodium knowlesi have been identified to infect humans in Malaysia (Cox-Singh, Singh, 2008). Malaria can be treated in just 48 hours; however the delay in diagnosis and treatment can cause fatal complications. Malaria caused by P. falciparum is also called malignant or falciparum malaria (Rich et al., 2009), which is observed to be the most dangerous form of malaria with the highest rates of complications and mortality. A dormant stage in the life cycle of P. vivax and P. ovale may results into relapses long afterwards. The malaria d ue to P. knowlesi can also cause life threatening symptoms(Cox-Singh et al., 2008). P. malariae is associated with milder clinical manifestations in comparison to other species. The systematic position of malaria parasite described by (Mhelhorn H. and Walldorf V., 1988) is as follows: Kingdom Protista Sub Kingdom Protozoa Phylum Apicomplexa Class Sporozoa Sub Class Coccidia Order Haemosporidae Sub Order Aconoidina Family Haemosporidae Genus Plasmodium 1.2 History of Malaria The term malaria is derived from Italian word mala bad and aria air. Italians used this word to refer the cause of intermittent fevers associated with exposure to marsh air or miasma. In the first century A.D., Roman scholar Marcus Terentius Varro (116-27 BC) suggested that swamps breed certain animalcula which is not visible with naked eyes and we breathe it through our mouth and nose into the body, where they cause grave maladies. Later, about 30 A.D., two types of tertian fevers were described by Celsus. He concurred with the views expressed by Varro. In 1716, Italian physician Giovanni Maria Lancisi, first demonstrated a characteristic black pigmentation of the brain and spleen in the victims of malaria. In 1816, Giovanni Rasori (1766-1837) of Parma suggested microorganism as a cause for the disease. Later, in 1847, a German physician, Heinrich Meckel, identified round, spindle-shaped or ovoid structures containing black pigment granules in protoplasmic masses in the microscopic slides of blood from a patient with fever and observed similar entities in the spleen of an insane person during the autopsy. In 1848 Schutz observed these pigments in the internal organs of patient who had died of malaria. Soon afterwards, Virchow (1849) observed these pigmented bodies in the blood of a patient who had died from chronic malaria and specifically associated it with malaria. Finally, Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran in 1888 named a living organism as Oscillaria malariae and suggests it as the malaria parasite. In 1885 Camillo Golgi, established that there were at least two forms of the disease, one with tertian periodicity (fever every other day) and one with quartan periodicity (fever every third day). He demonstrated that the rupture of shizoints and release of merozoites into the blood stream coincided with the fever and correlated the severity of symptoms with parasite load in the blood. In 1906, Nobel Prize was awarded in Medicine for his discoveries in neurophysiology. In 1897, the sexual cycle of malaria parasite was demonstrated by Dr. McCallum, William G and Opie of Johns Hopkins Hospital. In the same year, Ronald Ross demonstrated the presence of oocysts in the midgut of female anopheline mosquito and soon afterwards, he (1898) demonstrated the sporozoites infection in salivary glands of the mosquito and also carried out transmission of malaria in birds with an infected mosquito. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1902 for establishing the fact that infected mosquitoes are respons ible for transmission of malaria. In 1907, Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology for his discovery of the malarial parasite and other significant contribution to parasitology. In 1975 William Trager cultured P. falciparum in a medium of red blood cells. In 1987, a Colombian biochemist named Dr. Manuel Elkin Patarroyo developed the first synthetic Spf66 vaccine for P. falciparum infection. In 2002, the genome of parasite Plasmodium falciparum and the vector Anopheles gambiae were successfully sequenced. 1.3 Public and Global Health Burden Malaria is one of the oldest infectious diseases known to mankind. Malaria influenced outcomes of many wars and fates of many kings would have been different. It has competently forced many military defeats and responsible for decline of nations, often caused casualties more than the weapons could have. For centuries it has been responsible in preventing economic development in various regions of the earth. Malaria occurred in more than 100 countries and affects more than 2400 million people in the tropics, from South America to the Indian peninsula. Human malaria in tropical and subtropical areas accounts approximately 40% of the world at risk for the disease. The cause of this distribution in tropics is because of ideal breeding and living conditions for the anopheles mosquito. About 300 million to 500 million people suffer from malaria annually. Most lethal form of malaria infection is focused in the African continent, especially among children under five. In total, sub- Saharan A frica show most (90%) of the malarial cases and two thirds of the remaining 10% cases occur in six countries- India, Sri Lanka, Colombia, Vietnam, Brazil and Solomon Islands (Figure 1.1). WHO forecasts a 16% augmentation in malaria cases annually and about 1.5 million to 3 million deaths due to malaria every year (85% of these occur in Africa), accounting for about 4-5% of all moartality in the world. One child dies every 20 sec. due to malaria somewhere in Africa and there is one malarial death every 12 sec somewhere in the world. 50 million peoples have died of malaria. Among the major infectious diseases, malaria ranks third in cause of martality- after pneumococcal acute respiratory infections and tuberculosis (WHO., 2005). A brief account stated that ~ 30000 visitors who visited endemic countries developed malaria; where as 1% may succumb to the disease. Malaria can be accounted for 2.6 % of the worlds overall burden of diseases, thus raising expectations that it can climb to n umber one of the highest killer infectious diseases by the end of the century. Total global estimates of the annual expenditure (in 1995) showed a whooping US$ 2 billion directed towards malaria. World Health Organization reported it as a re-emerging infectious disease, and specify as infectious killer and number 1 priority tropical disease (WHO., 2005). The recent WHO World Malaria Report registers a global impact of approximately 225 million new clinical malaria infections associated with 781,000 deaths (WHO., 2010). Particularly, in the tropical countries, malaria is a health problem that setbacks social and economical developments. Malaria is commonly associated with poverty, and represents a major burden to economic and social development, costing an estimated sum of greater than US$ 6 billion for the year 2010 (Sachs. J and Malaney. P, 2002; WHO., 2010). Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are two basic elements in easing the impact of malaria. While progress in these areas h as been remarkable, the emerging insecticide resistant vectors, population movements, environmental disturbances, disintegrative health services and wide spread antimalarial drug resistance have constrained this mission. In early 60s, under the guidance of the Figure 1.1 Global distribution of malaria. (Reprinted from Nat Rev Microbiol.) (Bell et al., 2006) World Health Organization, malaria was nearly eradicated from most parts of the world owing to well planned anti malarial campaigns over the world. However, soon after, a resurgence of malaria took place in 1970s, which could be due to several reasons described below. Man made complacency and laxity in anti malarial campaigns; conflicts and wars; migrations; deteriorating health systems; poverty Drug resistance in parasite Insecticide resistance in vector and ban on use of DDT Environment global warming causing increased breeding and life span of the vector Jet age shrinking world spread of malaria from endemic areas to all other parts of the world. 1.4 Life Cycle of Malaria PARASITE The complex life cycle of malaria parasite involves two hosts; an insect vector (anopheles mosquito) and a vertebrate host (human). In search of a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates the infectious sporozoites into the human host. The malaria infection begins as these viable sporozoites invade liver cells and develop into mature schizonts, which in turn rupture and release invasive merozoites into blood stream. In P. vivax and P. ovale an arrested phase [hypnozoites] can remain dormant in the liver and re-invade the bloodstream after weeks, or even years later and cause infection, this delayed primary blood infection is termed as relapse. The initial asexual replication in liver is termed as exo-erythrocytic schizogony. In the normal developing exo-erythrocytic schizont, the cytoplasm of the parasite becomes subdivided and the ensuing invasive merozoites develop. These emergent merozoites are then released upon rupture of the mature schizont and invade the erythrocyte. The parasites undergo asexual multiplication in the erythrocyte, termed as erythrocytic schizogony. Redifferentiation of intra-erythrocytic merozoites into the feeding trophozoites occurs then. The ring stage Figure 1.2 Life cycle of malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum) trophozoites mature into schizonts and when rupture releasing merozoites to begin another cycle of red blood cell infection. However, the majority of merozoites entering an erythrocyte will develop into asexual schizonts, a small fraction can develop into the first sexual stage of life cycle (gametocytes). The rupture of mature schizont also releases the metabolic debris, which is toxic to the host and play a role in stimulating the clinical manifestations of the disease. The female anopheles mosquito must take blood meals on regular basis to support the development of eggs in successive batches. When biting malaria infected vertebrate host, she will take up infected erythrocyte and the gametocytes. Both female (macrogametocytes) and male (microgametocytes) are ingested by female anopheles mosquito during a blood meal. The asexual division of parasites in the mosquito is termed as sporogonic cycle. While in the mosquitos gut gametocytes are triggered by the fall in temperature and begin the formation of gametes. The microgamete penetrates the macrogamete generating zygote. Soon after the zygotes become motile and elongated structure termed as ookinetes, which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts. The sporozoites emerge from ruptured oocysts make their way to reside in the mosquito salivary glands. Inoculation of these viable sporozoites into a new human host to maintain the malaria life cycle (Figure 1.2) (Bannister, Mitchell, 2003). 1.5 THE PLASMODIUM GENOME SEQUENCE The genome sequences of six Plasmodium species have now been published. The complete sequences of the P.falciparum 3D7 strain and the rodent malaria P.y. yoelii 17XNL clone (Carlton et al., 2002; Gardner et al., 2002) appeared in 2002 and the genomic data of two more rodent malaria species, the P.berghei ANKA clone and P. chabaudi AS clone, were published in 2005 (Hall et al., 2005). Recently, the genome sequences of the human malaria P.vivax Salvador 1 strain and the human/simian malaria P.knowlesi H strain, along with a comparative analysis with P.falciparum, were released (Carlton et al., 2008; Pain et al., 2008). Thus, this genus has the highest number of sequenced species of any eukaryotic organism yet (Birkholtz et al., 2008). Comparative analysis of the publicly of the available Plasmodium genomes revealed that they are all haploid with a standard size of 23-27 Mb, which is distributed among 14 linear chromosomes between 0.5-3.0 Mb in size. The base composition varies among the different species, with the rodent and P.falciparum genomes being extremely A+T rich (80.6% on average and close to 90% in introns and intergenic regions in P.falciparum) in contrast with the more G+C rich P.knowlesi and P.vivax genomes (37.5% and 42.3% respectively) Each Plasmodium genome has in the order of 5000-6000 predicted genes, most of which (51%) contain at least one intron and ~60% are orthologus among the different species (Hall, Carlton, 2005; Hall et al., 2005). The difference in gene number is the result of the differential gene expansion in distinct lineages and the presence of large variant gene families that are involved with antigenic variation (Hall, Carlton, 2005). The unique genes of the different species are o ften localised within the subtelomeric regions and code for immunodominant antigens (Hall, Carlton, 2005). The mean gene length of the three sequenced human malarias (including P. knowlesi) is~ 2.2 to 2.3 kb, compared to the average of 1.3 to 1.6 kb in other organisms (Gardner et al., 2002). The reason for these long gene lengths is not known and this is compounded by the fact that these long genes usually encode hypothetical proteins with unknown function (Gardner et al., 2002). Gene-mapping studies of conserved genes have shown that gene location, order and even exon-intron boundaries have been preserved over large regions across the three sequenced rodent Plasmodium species and P.falciparum(Hall, Carlton, 2005). In addition to the nuclear genome , the parasites also have a liner mitochondrial genome of ~6 kb in the case of P.falciparum , which is smallest mitochondrial genome known (Painter et al., 2007) and a ~35 kb circular apicoplast genome (Gardner et al., 2002). The P.falciparum nuclear genome exhibits minimal redundancy in transfer RNA (tRNA) and encodes 43 tRNAs (Gardner et al., 2002) compared to the ~30 of Homo sapiens (Strachan T and Read A, 1998). The parasite tRNA bind all 64 possible codons except TGT and TGC that both specify cysteine (Cys). As no other codons specify Cys, it is possible that these tRNA genes are located within the currently unsequenced regions , since Cys is incorporated into P.falciparum proteins (Gardner et al., 2002). The small P.falciparum mitochondrial genome does not encode any tRNAs (Vaidya et al., 1989) compared to the 22 tRNA of the circular 16.6 kb human mitochondrial genome (Anderson et al., 1981). The P.falciparum mitochondrion therefore imports tRN As from the cytoplasm , whereas the apicoplast genome encodes sufficient tRNAs for protein synthesis within the organelle (Wilson et al., 1996). The P.falciparum genome does not contain tandemly repeated ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene clusters as seen in many other eukaryotes, but it contains individual 18S-5.8S-28S rRNA units at loci on seven of the chromosomes(Gardner et al., 2002). The sequence of the particular rRNA genes is distinct in the different units and the expression of each unit is developmentally regulated, depending on the stages of the parasite life cycle It is anticipated that by transcribing different rRNAs at different life stages, the parasite could change its ribosomal properties and the translation rate of all or specific messenger RNA (mRNA), which could alter the cell growth rate or cell development pattern. Previously , the rRNA expressed in the mosquito was described as S(sexual)-type and that expressed in the human host as A (asexual) type(Gardner et al., 2002). Parasite rRNA is also species-specific and can be assessed for diagnostic purposes (Singh et al., 2004). More than 60% of the predicted 5268 ope n reading frames (ORFs) of P.falciparum have no sequence similarity to genes from other sequenced organisms (Gardner et al., 2002). The absence of sequence similarity complicates characterization of the unknown ORFs, but might hold the answer to finding selective drug targets (Bozdech et al., 2003). There is currently a dedicated initiative aimed at improving the annotation status of P.falciparum led by the Plasmodium database, PlasmoDB (www.plasmodb.org). 1.6 Malaria Incidence in Different States of India The malariometric index evaluated as annual parasite incidence (API) indicates the number of malaria cases per thousand of population. As per the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) incidence records, in most part of India, the API was 5 API were scattered in the states of Gujarat, Goa, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa, the northeastern states and Karnataka (Kumar A et al., 2007). The proportion of occurrence of P. falciparum and P. vivax differs in various parts of India. Most of the indo-gangatic plains, northwestern India, northern hilly states, and southern state like Tamil Nadu have > 90% P. vivax infections, and the rest are P. falciparum. This situation is reversed in forested areas inhabited by ethnic tribes, where the proportion of P. falciparum is 30-90%. In the remaining areas P. falciparum prevail between 10% and 30%. Although Orissa has a population of 36.7 million (3.5%), it contributed most (25%) of a total of 1.5-2 milli on reported annual malaria cases, 39.5% of total P. falciparum malaria, and 30% of deaths caused by malaria in India (Source NVBDCP, India). Similarly, in the other states, forest ecosystems inhabited by ethnic tribes lives mainly in Figure 1.3 Prevalance of Plasmodium falciparum in India meso to hyperendemic conditions of malaria, where the preponderance of P. falciparum exist upto the extent of 90% or even more (Kumar et al., 2007) (Figure 1.3). 1.7 MALARIA Control and Prevention A global strategy for malaria control was developed by W.H.O. in a ministerial conference at Amsterdam, held in October 1992. The strategy broadly suggests emphasis on diagnosis and treatment in place of earlier trend of emphasis on vector control as a strategy for malaria control. The salient aspects of this strategy were early diagnosis and treatment; prevention of malarial deaths; promotion of personal protection measures like use of ITMs; forecasting, early detection and control of malaria epidemics; monitoring, evaluation and integration of activity in primary health centres; and operational research in field sites. Malaria prevention was classified at the level of personal protection, the prophylaxis and the malaria vaccines. Protective measures adopted at individual level and at family level not only help in protection of the individual against mosquito bites but also prevents spread of malaria in locality. These measures indirectly helped in reducing the mosquito population b y denying the blood meal which is an essential for nourishment of the mosquito eggs in the female anopheles. Protection measures at personal level against mosquitoes includes: Prevention of mosquitoes from entering the house, protection from mosquito bites and prohibiting the mosquitoes from resting inside house. All these prevention activities need the following; i. Protective Clothing ii. Mosquito Repellents iii. Insecticide vaporizers iv. Mosquito nets v. Air conditioning The absence of vaccines necessitates the use of drugs against malaria. All visitors from non-endemic area to a malarious area should have presumptive antimalarial drugs which offer protection against clinical attacks of malaria in that particular malaria endemic area (www.who.int/malaria). The practice of anti-malarial drugs to prevent the development of malaria is known as chemoprophylaxis. The choice of chemoprophylaxis differs depending on the species and drug resistance prevalence in a country. It must be remembered that no chemoprophylaxis regime provides 100% protection. Therefore it is essential to have personal protection from mosquito bites as well as to practice the chemoprophylaxis. Drugs used for chemoprophylaxis include: chloroquine, sulfadoxine, pyrimethamine, atovaquone plus proguanil, proguanil, halofantrine, doxycycline and mefloquin (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/antimalarialdrug.html). The effective way to control any infectious disease is indeed to have a safe and effective vaccine, but even after decades of malaria research, an effective malaria vaccine is still elusive. The major culprit in not having an effective malaria vaccine is complex life cycle of the parasite which involves vector mosquitoes and human. In turn, parasites allelic diversity and antigenic variations make the development and implementation of effective malaria control intervention more problematic. In the present scenario of increasing resistance against antimalarials by parasite and the insecticide resistance shown by the anopheles mosquito, it is evident that an intervention at multiple stages of life cycle will be an appropriate way of combating malaria. Malaria vaccines for different stages of life cycle will therefore play a major role in future malaria interventions. Evaluation of new malaria vaccine candidates in malaria endemic countries is required. The present situation demands suf ficient sites in malaria endemic countries for testing potential malaria vaccines in future. 1.8 Antimalarial drug resistance One of the major control strategies against malaria is prompt treatment of malaria patients with effective antimalarial drugs; however one of the major challenges in the battle against malaria in recent years is the development of drug resistance in the malaria parasites. A continuous research and monitoring is crucial when trying to control and diminish this development. Antimalarial drug resistance in the malaria parasite, both in vitro and in vivo has been related to changes at molecular level in the malaria parasite (P. falciparum and P. vivax).

Revenge and Downfall Essay -- essays research papers

Yasmin Nunez   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, it is the desire for revenge that lies behind the motives of young Hamlet. His moral struggle towards revenge becomes an obsession leading to a change in character. His actions strongly imply that madness has overcome him. However, there are hints present in the text that implies his madness was feigned in order to achieve his revenge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Immediately following the appearance of old King Hamlet’s ghost, Hamlet warns Horatio that he may act mad, which foreshadows a change in Hamlet’s character. The reader is prepared that any abnormal acts may be a result from Hamlet’s acting. As the play continues, more questions are raised that involve his sanity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ophelia, who was the first to witness his madness, offered an insight as she described Hamlet’s actions to her father. Hamlet, who was described as being mad, was speechless and only stared into Ophelia’s eyes. The bizarre actions of Hamlet are presumed to be an act, but the strong visualization of the scene can create doubt in a reader’s mind. If Hamlet was feigning his madness, then why would he want to frighten his girlfriend that he cared for so much?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As more events led to the questioning of Hamlet’s sanity, the reader was given a glimpse into the mind of Hamlet in the famous â€Å"To be or not to be† soliloquy. Hamlet’s questions of life and contemplation of suicide revealed h...

Contract Formation

Part A Contracts are an integral part of business and everyday life, and are fundamental to construction as the industry relies on the formation of contracts for business agreements. â€Å"Contracts are based on the idea of a bargain, where each side must put something into the bargain. A contract may be defined as ‘an agreement which is binding on the parties’† (Galbraith, 1998, pg78). There are a number of key components which must be present in the formation of such contracts. Firstly, there needs to be an initial offer made by one party for the formation to begin. An offer exists when one party effectively declares his readiness to be bound by a set of terms without any further negotiation† (Galbraith, 1998, pg79). It is interesting to note also that there is generally no requirement that the offer be made in any particular form, it may be made orally, in writing or by conduct (McKendrick, 2007, pg33). The exception to this is with speciality contracts s uch as the sale of land or estates or when deeds are formed between parties giving them twelve years liability instead of the six on simple contracts, and are frequently used within construction (Owen, 1998, pg47).However there is a fine line between what constitutes an offer, and an invitation to treat. â€Å"An invitation to treat is simply an expression of willingness to enter into negotiations which will lead to the conclusion of a contract at a later date† (McKendrick, 2007, pg33). There is much confusion between the two, as shown in the cases of Gibson v. Manchester City Council [1978] and Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1953].An example of an invitation to treat in construction is the tendering process, in which the employer will invite contractors to make an offer based on the project information, which the employer can then choose to accept to form a binding contract. In terms of the enforcement of contract law, when case s are examined McKendrick (2007, pg32) states â€Å"the courts adopt the ‘mirror image' rule of contractual formation, that is to say they must find a clear offer which is matched by an equally clear acceptance†.Acceptance is also defined as â€Å"an unqualified expression of assent to the terms proposed by the offeror† (McKendrick, 2007, pg43). Therefore a contract can only be legally binding if the offer includes clear terms and is declared to the offeree, with communication of a clear and firm acceptance to be bound by these terms given back to the offeror. These two factors combined culminate in the agreement of the contract. However contract formation is rarely simple, and often the offeree will wish to introduce their own terms to the agreement as part of the negotiations, communicating this back to the offeror.This is known as a counter offer. Galbraith (1998, pg80) points out that â€Å"the offer – counter offer situation arises frequently in busi ness where each side in the negotiations may be trying to make the contract on the basis of their own ‘pro forma' standard documents. This gives rise to what us known as battle of the forms† The battle of the forms scenario succinctly defines the rules of offer and acceptance, in that any counter offer destroys the original offer making it irretrievable, with agreement of contract resulting when the last offer is accepted by the offeree.An example of this is evident in the case of Butler Machine Tool Ltd v Ex-Cell-O Corp [1979]. It is also important that there is an element of certainty to the terms of the contract, with the parties expressing their agreement in a form sufficiently certain for the courts to enforce (McKendrick, 2007, pg57). If there is an element of vagueness in the terms of the contract, it could be judged there is no valid contract at all, an example being the vague use of the term ‘hire-purchase' in the case Scammell v Ousten [1941].However if t he parties have contracted with each other previously, it could be deemed as stated by Owen ( 1998, pg55) â€Å"a previous course of dealings will control some of the matters not expressly agreed in the present case, e. g. the amount of pay which could be the same as that paid on a prior occasion†. One particular problem in construction is the ‘letter of intent', widely used between employers and contractors as a form of pre-contract agreement. Following on from the tendering negotiations, Adriaanse (2010, pg55) writes â€Å"the purpose of a letter of intent is to express an intention to enter into a contract at a future date†.These are the result of failing to negotiate on certain terms in time for the project start date, and are introduced to allow the commencement of work, keeping within the projects' completion target. As these are often not legally binding contracts they cause disputes in the future if one of the parties does not carry out their duties, as i n British Steel Corporation v. Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Co. Ltd (1981). Owen ( 1998, pg50) writes that â€Å"all simple contracts must have consideration given by each party to the other as the price of each other's promises.It may take the form of money, goods, services, promises not to sue etc. † For example party A must receive something from party B, in return for party A providing something to party B. However McKendrick (2007, pg88) states that â€Å"consideration must be sufficient but does not need to be adequate†, meaning for example something must be offered to the other party in return to satisfy the rules of consideration, but does not need to be of an equal value as shown in the cases Chappell & Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1960] and Thomas v Thomas [1842].Consideration given also cannot be past, stated by Owen ( ) in that â€Å"you cannot make a contract in which one person promises to do something for another in exchange for a consideration which has a lready been performed†. This is clear in the cases of Lampleigh v Brathwait [1615] and Roscorla v Thomas [1842].Consideration is of huge importance in the construction industry, as Adriaanse writes this is due to â€Å"a number of factors such as the length of the contractual chain stretching beyond the parties to their subcontractors and suppliers, as well as the system of competitive bidding meaning one party may under-price the cost of the work, raising the possibility that one party may wish to renegotiate the agreement†. This can lead to the question of whether consideration was given when the contract was formed and whether the party is legally entitled to expect renegotiation to occur.However even when consideration has been given by parties and agreement reached this does not mean there is an enforceable contract in place. For a contract to be valid there must also be present the intention of all parties to enter legal relations with one another. Galbraith (1998 , pg91) explains there are two categories, â€Å"commercial arrangements where the parties are presumed to have intended to create a contract, and family, domestic and social arrangements where they are presumed to have not†.In the field of construction only the former is relevant, where the courts would initially look at a case between the parties and presume an intention to enter a contract exists. Conflict can occur when one of the parties seeks to rebut the presumption, in which the party will need to show evidence no contract was intended. An example of such a rebuttal is the case of Rose and Frank Co. v. Compton Bros where it was indicated the written document drawn up was merely a ‘gentleman's agreement' and not a legally binding contract (Galbraith, 1998, pg92). The legal capacity of the parties to enter into a binding agreement also must be present.Minors under the age of 18, and the mentally incapacitated are not able to enter into contracts to protect them fr om their own inability or inexperience (McKendrick, 2007, pg348). Companies are deemed to have full capacity to enter into legal contracts and are not restricted in any way. In conclusion, in order for the formation of a legally binding contract to occur there must be an offer from a party which is followed by acceptance from another party. Certainty must exist within the terms of the agreement, and due consideration must be given by both parties for the price of the promises received.The intentions of all parties to enter into legal relations must be present, as well as the capacity to qualify as valid party to the agreement. Part B a. ) When determining if there is a legal contract agreed between two parties there needs to be examination of whether the key elements of contract formation have been satisfied. In the case of Caroline v. A. W Electrical, the question is if at any point an offer was accepted and therefore a contract agreed between the two parties on the terms given. Wh en A. W Electrical placed the advertisement in the newspaper for the ZR250 Smart Television at ? 80 via mail order, this is a clear invitation to treat and should not be classed as an offer. As discussed in part A, an invitation to treat is where a party will indicate they wish to enter into negotiations which may lead to receiving an offer and an agreement if they choose to accept. Advertisements are a prime example of an invitation to treat as they are an indication of what goods or services that party may be willing to negotiate over, with the price of ? 480 an estimate to invite offers. Subsequently when Caroline saw the advertisement and sent in a cheque for the ? 80, this equates to an offer being made to A. W Electrical. As Galbraith (1998, pg79) states â€Å"an offer exists when one party effectively declares his/(her) readiness to be bound by a set of terms without any further negotiation†. Caroline has effectively done this by sending the cheque for the amount on th e advertisement, the terms being if she gives ? 480, A. W Electrical will send the item without any further negotiation if they accept Caroline's offer. Due to the nature of the terms, A. W Electrical will be judged to have accepted if they go ahead and send Caroline the ZR250 Smart Television.As explained in part A above, there needs to be communication of a clear and firm acceptance to be bound by these terms given back to the offeror. This will be deemed to be communicating via accepting by conduct, in which their actions equates to acceptance of the terms. However instead of sending Caroline the ZR250 model, A. W Electrical sent a ZR200 and a letter the following day with a cheque for ? 80 explaining the ZR250 was not available and unless Caroline returned the item within two weeks they would assume she was satisfied with the deal. A.W Electrical have not accepted Caroline's offer, but introduced a counter offer which is binding to their terms and not Caroline's. As explained by McKendrick (2007, pg43) â€Å"a purported acceptance which does not accept all the terms and conditions proposed by the offeror but which in fact introduces new terms is not acceptance but a counter-offer, which is then treated as a new offer which is capable of acceptance or rejection†. Due to not being able to reply as she was departing on a two week holiday, upon her return Caroline returned the item with a note explaining it was not what she ordered, however A.W Electrical refused to accept the item or provide any further refund as she had not returned the item within two weeks. This raises the question whether Caroline did actually accept the offer by not returning the item within two weeks. For this to be enforceable, the law of contract needs to govern that acceptance by silence is a valid form of coming to agreement. Galbraith states (1998, pg82) â€Å"the rule that acceptance must be communicated means that silence cannot usually amount to acceptance† This ma y mean that in the context of this case, Caroline did not accept the offer made by A. W Electrical and therefore is not bound by the terms.However, full clarity on the matter can be taken from a case law example of Felthouse v. Bindley [1862], where it was judged accepting by silence cannot equal a clear communication of acceptance, unless it is totally clear the offeree intended to do so. In Caroline's case, it is most definitely not clear she wished to accept, due to A. W Electrical not providing the item she requested on the terms given in her original offer. Therefore, there was no contract formed between the two parties as at no point an offer was accepted, rendering the contract void and no terms binding on either party. . ) If however we were to assume a contract was formed between Caroline and A. W Electrical at the point the two week period elapsed, there would be terms binding and these can be separated into two types, express terms and implied terms. McKendrick (2007, pg1 84) explains that â€Å"express terms are the terms agreed specifically by the contracting parties and implied terms are those not specifically agreed but which are implied into the contract by the courts or by Parliament†. The express terms of Caroline’s contract included the price being ? 00 for a ZR200 television given that she sent a cheque initially for ? 480 with an ? 80 cheque sent to Caroline with the item, and that A. W Electrical reserve the right to repair or replace the goods at its discretion if any dispute over the quality of goods were to arise. The implied terms of the contract will include elements of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, which will enforce A. W Electrical to adhere to certain conditions relating to the quality of goods and defects, and the description of the goods sold. S. 4(2) of the Act states there is an implied condition that goods supplied under the contract are of satisfactory quality. This is clearly contradicting the express term made b y A. W Electrical regarding the right to repair or replace the goods, however in order to protect consumers rights the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 means that implied terms cannot be excluded in contracts with consumers (McKendrick, 2007, pg205). Therefore the express term is not valid in the contract, and A. W Electrical have broken this implied term by stating this.Furthermore the Sale of Goods Act 1979 s. 13(1) states an implied condition that goods sold by description shall correspond with the description. The advertisement was for a ‘smart’ television however the item provided to Caroline did not possess any ‘smart’ features, therefore this term has been broken due to the item not matching the description advertised. In relation to the right to return the item, when Caroline sent this back to A. W Electrical they refused to accept stating the two week period has passed.We are assuming the contract came in effect and was accepted by Caroline’s silence at the end of this period however the Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000 s. 10 and s. 11(1-2) explains she has the right to a seven day cancellation period starting from the date the contract was concluded, expiring seven days later. This is another implied term of the contract A. W Electrical have broken in refusing to accept the returned goods. c. ) There are remedies available to Caroline in order to resolve the fact A. W Electrical have broken the terms of the contract.The main issue to her is she is not able to return the television either in exchange for the model she asked for, or for a full refund. This breach of contract is likely to be classed as a breach of warranty, where a warranty is a term in the agreement not fundamental to its existence and therefore the contract cannot simply be terminated due to the breach. However Caroline could recruit the services of a lawyer or solicitor to take legal action against A. W Electrical in the form of a specific performance order, which will require A.W Electrical to perform their primary obligations under the contract (McKendrick, 2007, pg451). This would enforce the implied term from the Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000. Caroline could also contact the Office of Fair Trading to make a complaint, which could lead to an application to the courts for an injunction against A. W Electrical, ultimately resulting in the same effect of enforcing the contract (Office of Fair Trading, 2012). Bibliography Reference list Adriaanse, J. (2010). Construction Contract Law (3rd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Davenport, A. , Galbraith, A,. Stockdale, M. , Wilson, S. (1998). Galbraith’s Building & Land Management Law For Students (4th ed. ) Oxford : Butterworth-Heinemann 1998. McKendrick, E. (2007). Contract Law (7th ed. ) Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan 2007. Office of Fair Trading. (2012). Relevant Legislation – The Office of Fair Trading. Retrieved 28 November 2012, from http://www. oft. gov. uk/about-the-oft/legal-powers/legal/#. ULY4v8UTDwM. Owen, S. (1998). Law For The Construction Industry (2nd ed. ) Harlow : Longman 1998. Cases Gibson v.Manchester City Council [1978]. Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1953]. Butler Machine Tool Ltd v Ex-Cell-O Corp [1979]. Scammell v Ousten [1941]. British Steel Corporation v. Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Co. Ltd (1981). Chappell & Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1960]. Thomas v Thomas [1842]. Lampleigh v Brathwait [1615]. Roscorla v Thomas [1842]. Rose and Frank Co. v. Compton Bros [1925]. Felthouse v. Bindley [1862]. Statutes Sale of Goods Act 1979 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000